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1·This paper reviews the existing definition of defensive pessimism, the results of experiment study and future research orientation was discussed.

综述防御性悲观的涵义和已有的实验研究结果，并对未来研究的取向进行展望。

2·The type with low optimism and high pessimism had a relationship with the passive-rigid type, which implied that they were real pessimist or the defensive pessimist.

低乐观高悲观对应较多的是被动僵化型，他们可能是真正的悲观者或防御性悲观者；