special/especial/particular/specific.导航词义：特别的

1. special:adj. 特别的，特殊的.普通用词，指事物在质量、特性、用途等方面不同于一般的，常含更重要或更好之意。

There is a special place in the bar for chatting.

酒吧里有一块专门用于聊天的地方。

She has a special recipe for egg tart.

她用特殊的方法做蛋挞。

Are you doing anything special for your 15th wedding anniversary?

你们结婚15周年纪念有什么特别活动吗？

The special plane took off.

专机起飞了。

We need your special talents for handling this matter.

处理此事我们需要你的特殊才能。

2. especial:adj. 特别的，特殊的.和 special 基本同义，但更强调在程度上超出一般的，只作定语。

My sister has an especial fondness for mushrooms.

我妹妹对蘑菇有着特殊的偏好。

This is a matter of especial importance.

这是一件特别重要的事情。

He has an especial dislike for jazz music.

他特别讨厌爵士乐。

3. particular:adj. 特别的，特殊的，特有的.强调个性或特殊性，即侧重于个别的、特别的、不同于一般的情况、特点等。

Do you have anything particular planned?

你有什么特别的计划吗？

You should pay particular attention to grammar.

你应该特别注意语法。

She showed particular concern for the disabled child.

她特别关心那名残疾儿童。

4. specific:adj. 特有的，特定的.指某一事物具有特定属性、风格等的，只作定语。

The picture has a specific style.

这幅画有一种独特的风格。

The money is to be used for a specific purpose.

这钱将用于某种特定用途。

He wants a specific kind of analysis of the problem.

他要一份对该问题的专门分析。

全部

1·I gave you specific instructions.

我给过你明确的指示。《牛津词典》

2·His charge was to obtain specific information.

他的任务是收集具体的信息。《牛津词典》

3·The money was collected for a specific purpose.

这笔钱是为一个特定用途而收的。《牛津词典》

4·There are several specific problems to be dealt with.

有好几个特定问题要解决。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

5·Williams answered that he had no specific proposals yet.

威廉斯回答说他还没有具体的提议。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

6·The debate revolves around specific accounting techniques.

这场讨论围绕具体的会计技巧。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

7·The specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unknowable.

温室效应的具体影响尚不可知。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

8·I suggest you ask him some specific questions about his past.

我建议你问问他有关他的过去的一些具体问题。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

9·We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.

我们应针对我们的具体情况来讨论这个问题。《牛津词典》

10·Thanks to a new directive, food labelling will be more specific.

由于官方的一项新指令，食品标签将会更明确具体。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

具体

1·Williams answered that he had no specific proposals yet.

威廉斯回答说他还没有具体的提议。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

2·The specific impact of the greenhouse effect is unknowable.

温室效应的具体影响尚不可知。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

3·I suggest you ask him some specific questions about his past.

我建议你问问他有关他的过去的一些具体问题。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

4·We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.

我们应针对我们的具体情况来讨论这个问题。《牛津词典》

5·She says she'll come, but I can't nail her down to a specific time.

她说要来，但我无法让她敲定具体什么时候来。《牛津词典》

特定

1·The money was collected for a specific purpose.

这笔钱是为一个特定用途而收的。《牛津词典》

2·There are several specific problems to be dealt with.

有好几个特定问题要解决。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

3·Massage may help to increase blood flow to specific areas of the body.

按摩也许会帮助加快血液流向身体各个特定部位。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

4·Special programmes of study are tailored to the needs of specific groups.

制订特殊课程，以满足特定群体的需要。《牛津词典》

5·Troops have agreed to stay within specific boundaries to avoid confrontations.

部队已同意驻扎在特定地界内，以避免冲突。《柯林斯英汉双解大词典》

特殊的

1·It's a protein, a specific kind of protein, one that speeds up chemical reactions.

它是一种蛋白质，一种特殊的蛋白质，可以加速化学反应。

2·Most AGE's are yellowish brown and fluorescent and have specific spectrographic properties.

大多数 AGE 是黄褐色和荧光的，并有特殊的光谱性质。

3·These companies recruit all over the country and the globe for workers with specific abilities.

这些公司在全国乃至全球范围内招募具有特殊能力的员工。

4·The specific glycosides present in milkweed differ from region to region within the monarch butterfly's range.

马利筋中的特殊糖苷在帝王蝶的范围内因地区而异。

5·There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.

有迹象表明，多效性植物激素实际上可能通过激活酶来发挥作用，这些酶从细胞壁释放出这些更为特殊的化学信使。

特异性的

1·The gene is activated by a specific protein.

这种基因由一种特异性蛋白激活。《牛津词典》

2·Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.

肝炎是一种专门感染肝脏的病毒，所以病毒通常都有细胞特异性。

3·Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific; that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants.

与氨基寡糖素不同，这五种众所周知的植物激素是多效性的，而不是特异性的；也就是说，每一种对植物的生长发育都有不止一种作用。

4·The researchers then sorted glioma cells into different types using antibodies that stick to specific proteins on a cell's surface.

研究者们接下来通过特异性结合细胞表面蛋白质的抗体将神经胶质瘤细胞分成不同的类型。

5·The researchers, from a variety of institutions and universities, did identify four specific genes that could directly affect lipid levels.

来自不同研究机构和大学的研究者们已经鉴定了四个特异性基因，这些基因能够直接影响脂类水平。

明确的

1·I gave you specific instructions.

我给过你明确的指示。《牛津词典》

2·Many American proverbs stress the value of guarding time, using it wisely, and setting and working toward specific goals.

许多美国谚语都强调珍惜时间，合理利用时间，设定明确目标并为之努力。

3·Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

相反，它包括设立明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及对技巧和结果同样程度的重视。

4·If you can elicit pain at a specific point in a bone, muscle or joint, by pressing your finger into it, you may have a significant injury.

如果能用手指按在疼痛的部位上，明确指出它位于骨头、肌肉或关节的某一点，那么你可能受到了严重的创伤。

5·To some extent processing power or specific build strategies can reduce the time required, but by themselves they are unlikely to result in any significant change in the problem.

从某种意义上说，处理能力或者明确的构建策略能够减少所需要的时间，但是却不能对这个问题产生任何重大的影响。

特异的

1·There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B. Care is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids that are lost from vomiting and diarrhoea.

急性乙型肝炎没有特异治疗方法。治疗的目的是让身体感到舒服和保持足够的营养平衡，包括补充因呕吐和腹泻流失的液体。

2·These advances have in turn led to more precise diagnostic tools and the ability to quickly develop efficient, specific and sensitive detection kits for new microbial strains.

这些进步反过来又带来了更精确的诊断工具和快速开发用于新微生物菌株的高效、特异、敏感检测试剂盒。

3·GlaxoSmithKline and Enigma Diagnostics have an agreement to develop point-of-care PCR tests to identify specific flu strains.

葛兰素史克和英格玛诊断公司联合开发即时P CR试验以鉴别特异流感病毒株。

4·There's no specific treatment for acanthosis nigricans - but treating any underlying conditions, such as diabetes and obesity, may cause the changes in your skin to fade.

该病尚无特异而有效的治疗方法——但是对基础疾病的治疗，例如对糖尿病和肥胖的治疗，有可能使皮肤受累处的黑色消退。

5·The virus interferes with the functions of the liver and activates the immune system, which produces a specific reaction to combat the virus.

该病毒干扰肝功能并激活免疫系统，该系统产生特异反应以抗御该病毒。

特有

1·Marketing campaigns may be targeted at specific geographies, with specific advertising or promotions being offered in only selected areas.

营销活动可能以特定地区为目标，仅在选定地区使用特有的广告或提供促销。

2·This may be possible, but will likely require that very specific versions with very specific fix packs be applied.

这是有可能的，但是需要应用一个具有特有 fix pack 的特定版本。

3·The tag in line 12 contains one or more elements that define a specific service for the business.

第12行中的标记包含了一个或多个元素，这些元素定义了企业特有的服务。

4·Clearly, an online game playing infrastructure has some requirements specific to the online games marketplace, driven by the kinds of devices in use and the business models common in this industry.

显然，在线游戏基础结构具有在线游戏市场特有的一些需求，这是由使用的设备类型和这个行业中常见的业务模型决定的。

5·Recompile the kernel with only the specific drivers for your hardware.

只使用硬件特有的驱动程序重新编译内核。

详细的

1·Instead, doctors and nurses should be aware of the stage of life their patients are at, and offer them very specific and targeted advice.

相反，医生和护士都应该意识到他们病人所处的生活阶段，同时提供给他们非常详细的针对性建议。

2·With ODC, we can make up the exit criteria for each phase based on different situations, which will allow us to look for specific defects at the proper time.

有了ODC，我们可以根据不同的情形为每一个阶段编制退出标准，它允许我们在适当的时候查看更详细的缺陷情况。

3·A resume should be a history of your specific accomplishments and tell what problems you have solved for previous employers.

简历应该是求职者的一份详细的成就履历，并且展示其为前雇主所解决的实际问题。

4·Finally, you need to make a concrete, specific call to action - what the audience can do right now to implement your proposal.

最后，你需要通过具体的，详细的号召来让人们采取行动——也就是听众马上执行你的提议需要马上做的事。

5·Give specific reasons to support your answer.

给出详细的理由支持你的回答。

针对性的

1·As for the altitude problem we'll try to overcome it with specific training in Sestriere, at high elevation.

至于海拔问题，我们会通过在塞斯·特雷高海拔地区进行针对性训练来努力克服。

2·The implementation of such a resolution scheme does raise a number of complex issues, however, and further study will be needed to develop specific, workable proposals.

不过，实施这样一个解决方案确实带来了一些复杂的问题，有必要进一步研究，提出有针对性的、可行的方案。

3·In the future, an improved understanding of the microbiota may allow us to diagnose diseases on the basis of microbiota composition and to design specific interventions.

基于对它们的更多了解，未来我们才有可能根据微生物群的组成来诊断疾病和开发有针对性的药物。

4·In this case, you make the assumption that questions will be more specific as time passes and the knowledge base contains more items.

在这个示例中，假设随着时间的推移以及知识库包含更多东西，问题的针对性会越来越强。

5·The samples were sent for laboratory analysis at the Institut Pasteur, Dakar and confirmed by YF seroneutralization, a highly specific test for yellow fever.

样本送往达喀尔市巴斯德研究所进行实验室分析，并通过YF血清中和试验（一项高针对性黄热病检测方法）予以证实。

(1)specific surface比表面；比表面积；表面系数

(1)specific surface area比表面积

(1)specific gravity比重

(1)specific area[化]比表面积；特定地区

(1)specific heatn. 比热

(1)specific energy比能