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1·At the forefront of the pioneers in the field was the Greek mathematician and philosopher Claudius Ptolemaeus (c. AD 90 ?168), more popularly known to history as Ptolemy.

这一领域的先驱中最早的是希腊数学家和哲学家克劳迪•托勒密(约公元90年～168年)，历史上多称他托勒密。