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1·Backwash effect usually refers to the effect of tests on language teaching and learning.

“反拨作用”通常指语言测试对语言教学和学习产生的影响。

2·An effective way to make the backwash effect of the test positive is to improve its validity.

提高测试效度是使测试反拨作用趋于积极的有效手段。

3·IELTS test exerts inevitable backwash effect on English teaching in international joint programs.

雅思考试对中外合作办学项目的英语教学产生巨大的反拨效应。

4·The first chapter will introduce the basic theory of backwash effect and the theory of teaching and testing.

从而从不同的角度研究总结出当前高考对高中英语教学所产生的反拨作用。

5·The paper also explores the reasons for the test method and backwash effect by conducting the questionnaire survey.

鉴于四级考试的广泛社会效应与巨大影响力，本文同时也研究这些测试题型的反拨效应。

6·There are numerous arguments on the backwash effect of the test, but insufficient empirical researches have been done to explore their nature.

人们对这一测试的影响有大量的评论和意见，但进行实证研究的不多。

7·For a long time, communicative language teaching has been in secondary condition in college English teaching for the backwash effect of test form.

长期以来，在我国的大学英语教学中，由于测试形式的反拨作用，交际语言教学始终处于次要地位。

8·Language teachers' perception toward the validity, reliability, authenticity and backwash effect of the two response types was elicited by a questionnaire.

作者通过调查问卷，调研了英语教师对两种题型在效度、真实性和后效作用的看法。

9·Communicative language testing will produce beneficial backwash effect to language teaching, thus improve the quality of English language teaching in senior middle schools.

科学地运用交际式语言测试，能对英语教学产生较好的反拨作用，从而提高高中英语教学质量。

10·Whether achievement testing has positive or negative backwash effect on foreign language teaching and learning has always been a topic for discussion and study in the testing field.

沈阳体育学院现行体育英语专业高年级精读课考试没有最大限度提高正面反拨效应，且不利于学生能力培养。